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A program like the example of the Hello World  is not typical in programming. Increasingly, we seek to create programs that carry out actions that are not merely pre-programmed and automated, but rather react based on parameters provided by the user. All data ...

In order to operate with the data, we must previously reserve memory spaces in which to store it. These are what we call data storage structures. These structures must be defined by: Identifier: name that we give to the data during the program to refer to ...

Types of operations The operations to be performed with the data can be: Arithmetic: classic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division or maths operations. Logics: comparisons, negation, AND, OR. Concatenation: union of several e...

A comment in programming is text in our source code that the compiler ignores. And if it is ignored, why do we put it on? Usually to give us internal explanations of what the function of each part of the program is. They are also very useful for temporarily ...

Scratch is both a programming language with a simple interface that allows young people to create digital stories, games and animations using block programming, and it is also the largest programming community for boys and girls in the world. Scratch is desi...

Scratch home screen We will use the  Offline version of Scratch 3.0 called Scratux, but the interface is similar in other versions. Menu bar: at the top left, where we can choose the language, save or load our projects or access various tutorials. Cod...

We are going to make our first program in Scratch: Click on the Code tab, in the Events menu Drag the "When green flag clicked" block: 3. Click on Motion now.  4.  Drag the block "move 10 steps" to the right area and place it by dragging it just ...

Activity: Sprites Open a new file. A new project in Scratch always comes with a sprite: it's a Cat. You can change the name of the sprite by clicking on the box Sprite Add a new sprite from the Sprites library, specifically the "Dog1" sprite. It is in t...

Activity: Add a new program Open a new file. Drag and drop the necessary blocks so that when the green flag is clicked, the cat moves 10 steps (you did it in the blocks section) Let's add that when you press the "a" key, the sprite rotates 90 degrees: We...

Sound Sound blocks are used to play sounds at some point in our program. Each sprite comes with a default sound. But we  can record or add sounds that we already have on our computer: Music In addition to sound blocks, Scratch also has a set of blocks to ...

Conditions are a type of blocks that evaluate something, and if it is true, then the blocks nested inside it are executed. They are available in the Control menu. Open a new file. Add these blocks and test them by clicking on the flag. The green blocks are...

Practical case: To better understand what repetitions are, we are goint to make a program that draws two dashed lines. Solution: You can duplicate the blocks (right click - duplicate) so you don't have to build the same thing twice. What if you had t...

We can communicate two programs either within the same sprite or between different sprites or with the stage by sending messages. A message can be sent from a program from one sprite to another, to perform some action on it. These blocks are located in "Events...

We can understand variables as a "name" that contains a "value." We can assign a value to the variable. And we can recover the value of the variable. When you make a new variable, these variable control blocks appear in "Variables". Practical case: Open ...

Practical case: Let's create our first game! With all this we can create a simple game. At the beginning of the game, just the cat appears on a Stage of your choice, asks your name, greets you and invites you to play. Next the dog appears. We will move t...

In an electrical circuit the current flows through the conductors and components naturally, having the current a value that depends on the components connected in the circuit. In an electronic circuit, a control is exercised over the flow of the electric ...

Electronic components can be classified in: Active components: usually can inject power into a circuit. They are made of semiconductors. E.g: Diodes, transistors. Passive components: cannot introduce net energy into the circuit. E.g: Resistors, capacitors ...

An automated process continuously repeats the action that it is designed to carry out. A set of interconnected elements which allow the automation of a process is called a control system. Some automated systems only carry out the same action. Other can modify...

Sensors A sensor is an object capable of detecting physical or chemical quantities and transforming them into electrical signals. Depending on the type of the electrical signal produced they can be DIGITAL, ANALOG or DATA. DIGITAL: a digital sensor only h...

Arduino UNO is an electronic card that integrates a microcontroller and a set of input and ouptut connections pins that allow, through a certain program, to interact with the physical environment through electronic sensors and actuators. The sensors are connec...